Where children are born can affect their chances for a strong start in life. Babies need good health, strong families, and positive early learning experiences to foster their healthy brain development and help them realize their full potential.

This state profile provides a snapshot of how infants, toddlers, and their families are faring in each of these three policy domains. Within each domain, view data for selected child, family, and policy indicators compared to national averages. The profile begins with a demographic description of the state’s babies and families to offer the broadest context for exploring what may be very different experiences of the state’s youngest children.

Demographics

DC
National Average

Infants and toddlers in District of Columbia

The District of Columbia is home to 24,588 babies, representing 3.7 percent of the state’s population. As many as 24.4 percent live in households with incomes less than twice the federal poverty line (in 2021, about $55,000 for a family of four1), placing them at economic disadvantage. The District’s youngest children are diverse and are raised in a variety of family contexts and household structures.

Click Plus symbol to see selected indicators by subgroup.
Race/ethnicity of infants and toddlers
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
White
Percent Infant Toddler
Population Infant Toddler
Poverty status of infants and toddlers
Above Low-income
Low-income
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 10.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 6.3%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
In Poverty
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 39.9%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 18.1%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
In Deep Poverty**
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 30.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 14.7%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
150% SMI
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 89.8%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White*
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 55.0%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Infants and toddlers in poverty, by race
Black
Hispanic
White
Family Structure
Two Parents
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 96.3%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 86.6%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 68.2%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
One Parent
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 60.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 64.9%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 29.9%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
No Parent
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 4.2%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
Multiple Races*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White*
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 7.2%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 1.9%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Grandparent-headed households
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 3.3%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
Multiple Races*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 17.7%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 1.6%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Living Outside of a Metro Area
Parent Work Status
Working Moms
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 100.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 85.5%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 73.0%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
No Working Parents
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 30.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White*
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 58.0%
Low Income*
Above Low Income*
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 12.9%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
At least one parent works full time
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 99.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 95.3%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 77.2%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.

*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.

**Subset of "In Poverty"

Good Health

In DC

How are District of Columbia's babies faring in Good Health?

Supporting babies’ and mothers’ physical and mental health provides the foundation for infants’ lifelong physical, cognitive, emotional, and social well-being. Babies’ brains grow rapidly in the first years of life, and, in these early years, the brain works with other organs and organ systems to set the stage for subsequent development and health outcomes. Equitable access to good nutrition during the prenatal period and first years of life is key to ensure that babies receive the nourishment and care they need for a strong start in life. Strengthening equitable access to integrated, affordable maternal, pediatric, and family health care is also essential to meeting babies’ and families’ health and developmental needs.

The District of Columbia falls in the Improving Outcomes (O) tier for the Good Health domain. A state’s ranking is based on indicators of maternal and child health, including health care coverage, prenatal care, birth outcomes, and receipt of recommended preventive care as well as nutrition and mental health. The District of Columbia performs better than national averages on key indicators, such as the percentage of uninsured babies in families with low incomes and Medicaid income eligibility level for pregnant women. The District is performing worse than national averages on indicators such as the percentage of women receiving late or no prenatal care and babies born at low birthweight.

Key Indicators of Good Health

Click Plus symbol to see selected indicators by subgroup.
DC
National Avg
Eligibility limit (% FPL) for pregnant women in Medicaid
Uninsured low-income infants and toddlers
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 2.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 2.1%
Urban
Rural
Medical home
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 69.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 61.8%
Low Income
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Infants ever breastfed
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 98.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 95.3%
Low Income
Above Low Income
Infants breastfed at 6 months
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 79.4%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other*
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 79.1%
Low Income
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
High weight-for-length in WIC
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 11.4%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Pacific-Islander
Black
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
WIC coverage for infants
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
WIC coverage for one-year-olds
WIC coverage for two-year-olds
Late or no prenatal care received
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 11.4%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 7.1%
Urban
Rural
Mothers reporting less than optimal mental health
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 18.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 17.3%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Babies born preterm
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 12.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 9.8%
Urban
Rural
Babies with low birthweight
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 13.4%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 9.6%
Urban
Rural
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0
Max: 0
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Preventive medical care received
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 94.0%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Preventive dental care received
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 47.4%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 37.0%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Received recommended vaccines
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 76.2%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other*
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 73.6%
Low Income
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Good Health Policy in DC
Medicaid expansion state
Yes
CHIP maternal coverage for unborn child option
No
Postpartum extension of Medicaid coverage
Law covering all pregnant people for 1 year post-partum
Pregnant workers protection
All employees covered (private and state)
State Medicaid policy for maternal depression screening in well-child visits
Recommended
Medicaid plan covers social-emotional screening for young children
Yes
Medicaid plan covers IECMH services at home
No
Medicaid plan covers IECMH services at pediatric/family medicine practices
No
Medicaid plan covers IECMH services in early childhood education settings
No
Note: N/A indicates Not Available
All Good Health Indicators for DC
State Indicator
National Avg
Health Care Coverage and Affordability
Eligibility limit (% FPL) for pregnant women in Medicaid
324.0
200.0
Uninsured low-income infants and toddlers
2.1%
5.2%
Medical home
47.9%
51.0%
Nutrition
Infants ever breastfed
85.1%
83.8%
Infants breastfed at 6 months
59.8%
55.0%
High weight-for-length in WIC
10.2%
NA
WIC coverage for infants
100.0%
98.4%
WIC coverage for one-year-olds
75.8%
64.5%
WIC coverage for two-year-olds
41.4%
48.1%
Maternal Health
Late or no prenatal care received
7.1%
6.2%
Maternal mortality rate (deaths per 100,000 live births)
NA
23.8
Mothers reporting less than optimal mental health
15.5%
22.5%
Children’s Health
Babies born preterm
9.8%
10.1%
Babies with low birthweight
9.6%
8.2%
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)
5.2
5.4
Preventive dental care received
36.6%
33.5%
Preventive medical care received
83.8%
89.3%
Received recommended vaccines
71.4%
72.5%
Note: N/A indicates Not Available.

Strong Families

In DC

How are The District of Columbia's babies faring in Strong Families?

Young children develop in the context of their families, where stability, safety, and supportive relationships nurture their growth. All families may benefit from parenting supports, but families with low income and in historically marginalized communities of color face additional challenges that impact their babies’ immediate and future well-being. Many policies can be designed to address these disparities by race, ethnicity, and income, including the provision of safe and stable housing, home visiting services, family-friendly employer policies, economic support for families with low income, and tax credits that benefit families with young children.

The District of Columbia falls in the Working Efficiently (W) tier of states when it comes to indicators of Strong Families. The District’s ranking in this domain reflects indicators on which it is performing better than the national average, such as the percentage of babies living in crowded housing and babies experiencing food insecurity. The District of Columbia is doing worse than the national average on indicators such as the percentage of babies experiencing housing instability (moved 3 or more times) and babies who could benefit from home visiting receiving those services.

Key Indicators of Strong Families

Click Plus symbol to see selected indicators by subgroup.
DC
National Avg
TANF benefits receipt among families in poverty
Housing instability
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 1.1%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 0.7%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Crowded housing
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 32.1%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Black
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 28.0%
Low Income
Above Low Income
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 18.4%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Unsafe neighborhoods
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 13.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 13.3%
Low Income
Above Low Income
Low or very low food security
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 20.3%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White*
Urbanicity
Min: 0%
Max: 9.2%
Urban
Rural
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Family resilience
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 92.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 90.9%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
1 adverse childhood experience
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 33.1%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 37.0%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
2 or more adverse childhood experiences
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 13.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 10.0%
Low Income
Above Low Income
Infant/toddler maltreatment rate (per 1,000 children ages 0-2)
Removed from home
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0
Max: 5.5
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Time in out-of-home placement
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 21.6%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Permanency: Adopted
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 55.0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Permanency: Guardian
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Permanency: Relative
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 0%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Permanency: Reunified
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 42.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic
Multiple Races
Other
White
Potential home visiting beneficiaries served
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Strong Families Policy in DC
Paid family leave
Yes
Paid sick time that covers care for child
Yes
TANF work exemption
Yes
State child tax credit
No
State Earned Income Tax Credit
Yes
Note: N/A indicates Not Available
All Strong Families Indicators for DC
State Indicator
National Avg
Basic Needs
TANF benefits receipt among families in poverty
NA
19.0%
Housing instability
0.5%
2.9%
Crowded housing
18.4%
15.2%
Unsafe neighborhoods
10.8%
5.0%
Low or very low food security
9.2%
14.2%
Child Well-being and Resilience
Family resilience
86.5%
85.6%
1 adverse childhood experience
17.9%
18.6%
2 or more adverse childhood experiences
7.5%
7.2%
Infant/toddler maltreatment rate (per 1,000 children ages 0-2)
14.0
15.5
Removed from home
3.1
6.6
Time in out-of-home placement
23.6%
33.9%
Permanency: Adopted
54.2%
34.2%
Permanency: Guardian
NA
7.9%
Permanency: Relative
NA
7.0%
Permanency: Reunified
43.8%
49.8%
Potential home visiting beneficiaries served
1.8%
2.1%
Note: N/A indicates Not Available.

Use our interactive table to get a snapshot view of all states’ results on any Yearbook indicator in our three domains.

Compare Indicators Across States

Positive Early Learning Experiences

In DC

How are the District of Columbia's babies faring in Positive Early Learning?

Infants and toddlers learn through interactions with the significant adults in their lives and active exploration of enriching environments. The quality of babies’ early learning experiences at home and in other care settings can impact their cognitive and social-emotional development as well as early literacy. High-quality early childhood care can strengthen parents’ interactions with their children in the home learning environment and support parents’ ability to go to work or attend school. Equitable access to high-quality care across factors like race, ethnicity, and income ensures all infants and toddlers have the opportunity for optimal development. However, disparities in access to high-quality care remain across many states and communities in the United States.

The District of Columbia scores in the Working Efficiently (W) tier for Positive Early Learning Experiences. The District’s ranking in this domain reflects indicators on which it is performing better than the national average, such as the percentage of babies in families below 100 percent of the federal poverty line with access to Early Head Start. The District of Columbia is doing worse than the national average on indicators such as the percentage of infants/toddlers who received a developmental screening in the past year. Beginning with the 2022 profile, infant care costs as a percentage of the district’s median income for single and married parents are not factored into the ranking.

Key Indicators of Positive Early Learning Experiences

Click Plus symbol to see selected indicators by subgroup.
DC
National Avg
Parent reads to baby every day
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 70.3%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 60.1%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Parent sings to baby every day
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 78.5%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 72.7%
Low Income*
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
% Income-eligible infants/toddlers with Early Head Start access
Low/moderate income infants/toddlers in CCDF funded-care
Cost of care, as % of income married families
Cost of care, as % of income single parents
Developmental screening received
Race/Ethnicity
Min: 0%
Max: 43.3%
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian
Black*
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Hispanic*
Multiple Races
Other
White
Income
Min: 0%
Max: 37.9%
Low Income
Above Low Income
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Percentage of infants/toddlers receiving IDEA Part C services
*Numbers are small; use caution in interpreting.
Positive Early Learning Experiences Policy in DC
Adult/child ratio
EHS standards met for 2 of 3 age groups
Level of teacher qualification required by the state beyond a high school diploma
No credential beyond a high school diploma
Group size
EHS standards met for 2 of 3 age groups
Infant/toddler professional credential
No
Families above 200% of FPL eligible for child care subsidy
Yes
State reimburses center-based child care
No
At-risk children included in Part C eligibility definition
No
Note: N/A indicates Not Available
All Positive Early Learning Experiences Indicators for DC
State Indicator
National Avg
Activities that Support Early Learning
Parent reads to baby every day
50.5%
37.4%
Parent sings to baby every day
63.9%
58.1%
Access to Early Learning Programs
% Income-eligible infants/toddlers with Early Head Start access
31.0%
11.0%
Low/moderate income infants/toddlers in CCDF-funded care
5.8%
4.7%
Cost of care, as % of income married families
12.4%
NA
Cost of care, as % of income single parents
79.4%
NA
Early Intervention
Developmental screening received
31.2%
34.2%
Percentage of infants/toddlers receiving IDEA Part C services
7.3%
6.8%
Timeliness of Part C services
97.8%
NA
Note: N/A indicates Not Available.
Not Ranked
This indicator does not factor into the category's GROW ranking.
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